Thursday, April 05, 2007

Timeline of Critical Pedagogy

I am being asked, as part of my prospectus to include a genealogy of both critical pedagogy and cultural studies. In moving toward this goal, I have started to create a timeline of critical pedagogy in order to gain a clear(er) picture of the historical trajectory (a BIG thanks to my friend Shari for her help with all of this).

Here is what I have so far (with the italicized portions being my vague thoughts):

Timeline of Critical Pedagogy

late 19thC./early 20th C: much of American critical pedagogy has its roots in the progressivism of this time period, exemplified in the work of John Dewey and his philosophy of Pragmatism. Dewey's educational philosophy included an emphasis on student-centered learning and participation in democratic life that is also at the heart of much contemporary critical pedagogy.

1970: Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed -- the "go to" text for critical pedagogy

1980s: radical educators in the US speak out about education as "sorting mechanism" (McLaren qtd. in Tate, Rupiper, Schick 94) and as an apparatus of reproduction of the ideology and power of dominant groups; boom in critical pedagogy scholarship during Reagan-Bush years (Tate, Rupiper Schick 95).

1980: Shor's Critical Teaching and Everyday Life = critique of community college system

1983: Giroux's Theory and Resistance in Education

1985: Giroux and Aronowitz: Education under Seige

1986: Giroux and McLaren "Teacher Education and the Politics of Engagement: The Case for Democratic Schooling" -- argues for school as "democratic public sphere"

Problem is that twenty years later, after working in various classroom spaces with critical pedagogy, the university's potential as "democratic public sphere" is being infringed upon by corporate interests and a corporate administrative mentality. It is not enough to simply say this space should be democratic, so lets enact that in our classrooms; first we need to carefully make note of the ways in which the space within which our classroom exists (and even that classroom itself) might not be democratic, where and when are the moments in which we do not exercise control or have a voice in our education, our teaching, and so on because of corporate interests.

1987: Shor's Freire for the Classroom: teachers from varied disciplines contributed essays to this collection illustrating the applicability of Freirean pedagogy in their classrooms

In this text, Shor points out that "it's a tricky business to organize an untraditional class in a traditional school.". This difficulty in implementing critical pedagogy when the majority of students are accustomed to receiving some form of traditional, mainstream education is taken up more recently by William Thelin in his works on "blundering", and is an idea that has also become a part of the debate between Thelin and Russel Durst (Jeff Smith, in his article, "Students' Goals, Gatemkeeping, and Some Questions of Ethics), seems to be making an argument similar to Durst's .

1988: Giroux's Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life -- points to "cultural production" as opposed to reproduction b/c Giroux (and Aronowitz) see schools not as merely reproductive apparatuses, but also as sites of resistance (Tate... 96).

The 90s bring in a more cautious approach to critical pedagogy. Hurlbert and Blitz's collection illustrates educators debating and arguing over all aspects of critical pedagogy (in stark contrast to Shor's 1987 celebratory collection); Maxine Hairston expresses great concern over a composition instructor's ability to handle political topics in the classroom, and Gregory Jay and Gerald Graff provide a critique and an alternative ("teach the conflicts") that they'd still justify as radical or progressive.

1991: Hurlbert and Blitz's collection Composition and Resistance

1992: Maxine Hairston makes her now famous attack on critical pedagogy, arguing against the idea of the politicized writing classroom

1993: Jennifer Gore's The Struggle for Pedagogies -- she lays out the differences between Shor's critical pedagogy and Giroux's critical pedagogy, and in so doing, critiques Giroux's scholarship.

1995: Gregory Jay and Gerald Graff's "A Critique of Critical Pedagogy" is included in Michael Berube's and Cary Nelson' Higher Education Under Fire -- in it they site the ways in which critical pedagogy implemented can fall into the "banking model" Freire warns us against.

1999: Pepi Leistyna Presence of Mind: Education and the Politics of Deception

Russel Durst: Collision Course: Conflict, Negotiation, and Learning in College Composition

2000: Amy Lee: Composing Critical Pedagogies

William Thelin and John Tassoni, eds: Blundering for a Change: Errors and Expectations in Critical Pedagogy

2001: Joe Hardin: Opening Spaces: critical pedagogy and resistance theory in composition

Andrea Greenbaum: Insurrections: Approaches to Resistance in Composition Studies

2005: William Thelin: "Understanding Problems in Critical Classrooms"

2006: CCC "Interchanges" Durst/Thelin

Robert Yagelski: "'Radical to Many in the Educational Establishment': The Writing Process Movement after the Hurricanes"

I know I am probably missing a lot. Any suggestions? Offerings? Addendums? Additions?

Now the goal is to actually turn this into a genealogy with the goal of illustrating silences around or gaps in attention to the situatedness of these pedagogical practices, these critical pedagogy classrooms in the corporate university.

23 comments:

chris said...

for my comps i began to write a response to a question about critical pedagogy. it wasn't a timeline question, but in it i started to consider folks like DuBois, Woodson, and Booker T. Washington.

if "critical" pedagogy has some relationship to participation/access, it seems like there is a timeline that reaches back farther than Dewey? what do you think?

Anonymous said...

This is an amazing resource! Chris asks an interesting question too; how do we define the boundaries of critical pedagogy? Does something like Montessori or Steiner "count"? They certainly imagined student learning differently, but was it grounded in a notion of "participation in democratic life" a la Dewey, or Freire's more revolutionary model?

VTmtngrrl said...

Hmmm...you're definitely both pushing me to (re)think here the bounds of critical pedagogy which have traditionally been referred to in most critical pedagogy scholarship.

chris, i think i had seen some work on your blog re: DuBois and Washington, but i'll admit i didn't read it carefully, and i can't think enough (right now) about the immediate connections to pedagogy. maybe you can give me a link to that entry?

kim, while I never think about Montessori or Steiner when doing my work in/with critical pedagogy, i think it makes sense -- not sure why i didn't think of it myself -- b/c as an undergrad English/Ed. major I wanted to work in a Waldorf school (and did internship at one). my interest as a postsecondary teacher has been with critical pedagogy, but obviously it all comes from the same kind desire to create a certain kind of participatory, classroom space (filled also with the revolutionary kind of thinking and action suggested by Freire).

chris said...

i didn't put much effort into my search, so there may be other places where i discuss critical pedagogy. here, though, is the link> you're probaby referring to:

http://illinoisnative.blogspot.com/2006/12/from-trenches.html

i'm trying to think if i've really gone into much about DuBois and Affrican American critical pedagogy. the point at which i started blogging was just about the point where i was turning from previous scholarly and research interests in African American studies (specifically language rights issues) to newer interests in the body/phenomenology (which is still related - for example, Elaine Richardson talks about it in her work - but also quite different in some ways).

sorry it took me so long to get back to you...

Anonymous said...

I am excited to see this as I am organizing a similiar pursuit. I am curating a project in Chicago called PEDAGOGICAL FACTORY via www.stockyardinstitute.org which I organize. I am reading this as I am writing to you. This may be a fine selection for a journal I am associated with and will link to the project. The journal is AREA www.areachicago.com

thanks
Jim Duignan

Tony Ward said...

Hi,

A great blog. You might also like to have a look at my own website which also has more than 60 downloadable (and free) PDFs on Critical Education Theory, Critical Pedagogy, Cultural Studies and related topics. The address is: www.TonyWardEdu.com.

It also has a chronological history of Critical education together with several bibliographies and glossaries. They are all free. Hope they help you in your quest. Let me know if they are useful to you.

Best of luck.

Anonymous said...

hi, good start, you might look at The Critical Pedagogy Primer 2005 Peter Lang Publishing by Joe Kincheloe

and

Critical Pedagogy: Where are we now? ed Peter McLaren and Joe Kincheloe
Peter Lang, 2007

There is a new Paulo and Nita Freire International Project for Critical Pedagogy at McGill University

Anonymous said...

Hi, a couple of important omissions...see

Critical Pedagogy Primer by Joe Kincheloe

Critical Pedagogy: Where are we now? ed Peter McLaren and Joe Kincheloe

The Paulo and Nita Freire International Project for Critical pedagogy at McGill University

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